What are critical metals? And which ones should savvy investors focus on? Our overview of the space answers those questions and more.
Critical metals investing can be profitable, but getting into the space is tricky, especially for investors who are more familiar with precious metals like gold and silver, or even base metals like copper.
It’s therefore crucial for those interested in critical metals to start by doing some research.
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The 17 rare earth elements (REEs) are as diverse as they are challenging to pronounce.
The group is made up of 15 lanthanides, plus yttrium and scandium, and each element has different applications, pricing and supply and demand dynamics. Sound complicated? While the REE space is undeniably complex, many investors find it compelling and are interested in finding ways to get a foot in the door.
Read on for a more in-depth look at the rare earth metals market and the many different types of rare earths, plus a brief explanation of how to start investing in this arena.
There are a number of ways to categorize and better understand REEs.
Rare earths can also be grouped together according to how they are used. Rare earth magnets include praseodymium, neodymium, samarium and dysprosium, while phosphor rare earths — those used in lighting — include europium, terbium and yttrium. Cerium, lanthanum and gadolinium are sometimes included in the phosphor category as well.
As mentioned, each REE has different pricing and supply and demand dynamics.
The strong Chinese monopoly on rare earths production has created problems in the sector in the past. For instance, prices in the global market spiked in 2010 and 2011 when the country imposed export quotas.
MP Materials is now the western hemisphere’s largest rare earths miner, putting out high-purity separated neodymium and praseodymium oxide; a heavy rare earths concentrate; and lanthanum and cerium oxides and carbonates.
As can be seen, securing rare earths supply is an increasingly important issue. In addition to traditional rare earths mining, there has been growth in the rare earths recycling industry, which aims to recover REE raw materials from electronics and high-tech products in order to reuse them in new ways.
Exploring and extracting rare earth materials from deep-sea mud is one of the newest recovery methods, and it is gaining traction as more mining companies look offshore for resources.
The possibility of higher rare earths prices in the coming years has been one of the catalysts for investors wondering how they can invest in rare earths. As it’s not possible to buy physical rare earth metals, the most direct way to invest in the rare earths market is through mining and exploration companies.
Small-cap REE companies are also listed on those exchanges.
Rare earths exchange-trade funds (ETFs) offer investors a diversified position in this market space, mitigating the risks of investing in specific companies.
This is an updated version of an article first published by the Investing News Network in 2020.
Securities Disclosure: I, Melissa Pistilli, hold no direct investment interest in any company mentioned in this article.
Rare earth metal production was on the rise again in 2023, jumping to 350,000 metric tons (MT) worldwide — that’s up significantly from 190,000 MT in 2018, just five years prior.
Demand for rare earth metals is increasing as renewable energy becomes more important across the globe. Rare earths such as neodymium and praseodymium, which are important in clean energy applications and high-tech industries, are in the spotlight, particularly as electric vehicles and hybrid cars gain further popularity.
Ongoing tensions between the US and China, along with other geopolitical factors, are impacting the outlook for rare earths investing. Since China is the world’s largest producer of rare earths by far, the fraught relationship between the countries is directing attention to global supply chain disruption in the rare earths industry.
Mine production: 240,000 metric tons
In 2023, China’s domestic output of rare earths was 240,000 metric tons, up from 210,000 MT the previous year.
China’s rare earths industry is controlled by state-owned miners, in theory allowing China to keep a strong handle on production. However, illegal rare earths extraction remains a challenge, and the Chinese government continues to take steps to curb this activity.
Mine production: 43,000 metric tons
The US produced 43,000 metric tons of rare earths in 2023, up from 42,000 MT in the previous year.
The US is a major importer of rare earth materials. The USGS estimates the value of US rare earth imports for 2023 at US$190 million, down from US$208 million in 2022. The country has classified rare earths as critical minerals, a distinction that has come to the fore due to trade issues between the US and China.
Mine production: 38,000 metric tons
Myanmar mined 38,000 metric tons of rare earths in 2023. This was an increase of more than 216 percent from the 12,000 MT Myanmar produced in 2022, as supply was down due to a temporary halt in production associated with the turmoil following the 2021 military coup.
Ironically, the act of mining these metals critical for clean energy technologies such as EVs and wind turbines is itself fraught with environmentally destructive practices that are harming the waterways, wildlife and vegetation in Myanmar.
Mine production: 18,000 metric tons
Mine production: 7,100 metric tons
Thailand’s rare earths production came in at 7,100 metric tons in 2023, level with the prior year. However, the country’s rare earth production has ramped up rapidly in recent years. Thailand’s output of rare earths in 2018 was just 1,000 MT and by 2021 it had hit 8,200 MT.
Mine production: 2,900 metric tons
Mine production: 2,600 metric tons
Mine production: 960 metric tons
Madagascar recorded rare earths extraction of 960 metric tons in 2023, on par with the previous year and down dramatically from 6,800 MT in 2021.
The declining in rare earths production in recent years is due in large part to increasing opposition to rare earths mining on the part of farmers who are strongly against mining activity in their communities.
Mine production: 600 metric tons
Mine production: 80 metric tons
Mine production: 80 metric tons
Malaysia produced 80 metric tons of rare earths in 2023, on par with its output in the previous year and tying with Brazil for 10th place. Malaysia hosts the world’s fourth largest rare earth reserves.
Securities Disclosure: I, Melissa Pistilli, hold no direct investment interest in any company mentioned in this article.
Case in point — mines in Brazil produced only 80 metric tons (MT) of rare earth elements in 2023, but Brazil’s rare earths reserves are tied for third highest in the world. Countries like this could become bigger players in the space in the future.
Reserves information is unavailable for a few rare earths producers, including Myanmar, which took the third spot for rare earths production last year.
Reserves: 44 million MT
Unsurprisingly, China has the highest reserves of rare earth minerals at 44 million MT. The country was also the world’s leading rare earths producer in 2023 by a long shot, putting out 240,000 MT.
Reserves: 22 million MT
Vietnam’s rare earths reserves stand at 22 million MT. It reportedly hosts several deposits with rare earths concentrations against its northwestern border with China, and along its eastern coastline. The majority of rare earths in the country can be found in primary ore deposits, with a smaller amount located in coastal placer deposits. While this potential was previously untapped, that has now changed as the country looks to become an alternative to China.
Reserves: 21 million MT
Although Brazil has the third largest rare earths reserves, the nation was not a major producer of rare earths in 2023, with production flat at a tiny 80 MT, on par with the previous year and even lower than its 2021 total of 500 MT.
Reserves: 10 million MT
Reserves: 6.9 million MT
Reserves: 5.7 million MT
Reserves: 1.8 million MT
While the US reported the second highest output of rare earths in 2023 at 43,000 MT, the country takes only the seventh top spot when it comes to global rare earths reserves.
Rare earths mining in the US now happens only at California’s Mountain Pass mine. Over the past few years, the Biden administration has made several moves toward strengthening the nation’s rare earths industry.
Reserves: 1.5 million MT
Securities Disclosure: I, Melissa Pistilli, hold no direct investment interest in any company mentioned in this article.
Tungsten was discovered in Sweden in the 18th century, and since then has found diverse uses.
About two-thirds of demand for this critical metal is from the mining and drilling industry for use in cemented carbides; mill products and chemicals account for the rest. However, while tungsten has many key uses, the market has been quite turbulent for the last several years — low prices have led to reduced output in some parts of the world.
Interestingly, despite being the biggest tungsten producer, China is limited in how much it produces. The Asian nation’s government has restricted the number of tungsten mining and export licenses that it awards, and has also imposed quotas on concentrate production and placed constraints on mining and processing.
That optimism has left investors wondering whether tungsten investment is a good idea. Read on for a brief overview of tungsten supply and demand dynamics and ways to invest in tungsten.
In 2022, the country mined 71,000 MT of the metal, far ahead of the 4,800 MT produced in Vietnam, the world’s second largest tungsten miner. China also leads in reserves with 1.8 million MT; Russia is in second place with 400,000 MT.
Typically, tungsten deposits are found near orogenic belts, which are areas where tectonic plates have collided to form mountains. These belts run through East Asia, the Asiatic part of Russia, the east coast of Australia, the Rocky and Andes mountains and the Alpide belt, which spans over 15,000 kilometers across Eurasia’s southern margin.
For example, tungsten carbide, alloy and chemicals are used in the construction, electronics, mining and automotive industries; they can also be found in oil operations, as well as mineral exploration and mining. Mill products require tungsten too — these include tungsten rods, sheets, wires, light bulb filaments and electrical contacts; that said, tungsten’s use in light bulb filaments is declining due to new lighting technologies.
The chemical industry also consumes tungsten — tungsten compounds are used as lubricants, catalysts, pigments and enamels, as well as in electronics and for other electrical applications.
Investors who believe tungsten prices will rise in the future may want to enter the space today.
However, getting into the tungsten market can be a little difficult — as with many critical metals, getting direct exposure to physical tungsten is tricky as the metal does not trade on an exchange.
As a result, many market participants who are interested in tungsten investment turn to tungsten-focused companies. Most tungsten-producing companies are located in China, and are either privately owned or listed only on Asian exchanges; however, tungsten investing options do exist elsewhere.
A few options are listed below; all companies are listed on Canadian, Australian and London exchanges, and had market caps above $5 million as of September 15, 2023:
This is an updated version of an article originally published by the Investing News Network in 2013.
Securities Disclosure: I, Melissa Pistilli, hold no direct investment interest in any company mentioned in this article.
Editorial Disclosure: Fireweed Metals and Pivotal Metals are clients of the Investing News Network. This article is not paid-for content.
Tungsten has many applications. It’s used in electrical wires, as well as in welding, heavy metal alloys, turbine blades and as a lead substitute in bullets. The metal can also be found in heating and electrical contacts.
Tungsten’s importance in a wide range of industrial categories, from smartphones to car batteries, means demand is likely to rise. At the same time, supply chain disruptions and increased production costs are weighing on global supply.
With that in mind, it’s worth being aware of which countries produce the most tungsten. Here’s an overview of the top tungsten-producing countries last year, as per data from the US Geological Survey.
Mine production: 63,000 MT
China’s tungsten production fell by 3,000 MT from 2022 to 2023, but the country remained the world’s largest producer by a wide margin. That said, China’s tungsten production has been falling in recent years — the Asian nation has limited the quantity of tungsten-mining and export licenses it awards, and has imposed quotas on tungsten concentrate production. The country has also recently increased environmental inspections.
Mine production: 3,500 MT
Vietnam’s tungsten production in 2023 came to 3,500 MT, down by 500 MT from the previous year. Privately owned Masan Resources runs the Vietnam-based Nui Phao mine, which it says is the largest tungsten-producing mine outside China. It is also one of the lowest-cost producers of tungsten in the world.
Mine production: 2,000 MT
Russia’s tungsten production remained flat in 2023. The war between Russia and Ukraine has hampered Russia’s ability to trade and make deliveries of tungsten to the world market as it continues to face sanctions.
Mine production: 1,700 MT
Mine production: 1,500 MT
Bolivia has increased its tungsten production since 2014 as a result of moves to promote its tungsten industry. The South American nation’s output increased to 1,500 MT in 2022 from 1,360 MT the previous year.
The Bolivian mining industry is heavily influenced by Comibol, a state-owned mining umbrella company.
Mine production: 1,500 MT
Spain’s tungsten production tied with Bolivia in 2023 after rising by 87.5 percent over the previous year.
Mine production: 1,400 MT
Rwanda produced 1,400 MT of tungsten in 2023, on par with 2022’s output. Tungsten is one of the most common conflict minerals in the world, meaning that at least some of it is produced in war zones and is sold to perpetuate fighting.
Mine production: 910 MT
Austria was the eight largest producer of tungsten in 2023, putting out 910 MT of the material, on par with the previous year. Much of that production can be attributed to Wolfram’s Mittersill mine, which is located in Salzburg and hosts Europe’s largest tungsten deposit.
Mine production: 800 MT
Australia’s tungsten production increased by 300 percent to overtake Portugal for the ninth spot on this list. The country’s 2022 output of the metal came to 200 MT compared to 800 MT in 2023.
Mine production: 500 MT
Portugal is another country on this list that saw its tungsten production remain flat in 2023. It put out 500 MT of the metal, on par with the 500 MT produced in the previous year.
The European country has the lowest-known tungsten reserves figure out of all the nations on this list, totaling just 4,000 MT. The Panasqueira mine is Portugal’s largest tungsten-producing operation.
Securities Disclosure: I, Melissa Pistilli, hold no direct investment interest in any company mentioned in this article.
With important roles in healthcare and industrial applications, magnesium is worthy of investor consideration.
Not to be confused with manganese, which is also crucial for the development of a healthy body, magnesium, along with sulfur and calcium, is one of three secondary plant nutrients found in abundance on land and in water.
Necessary for over 300 biochemical reactions, magnesium is vital for healthy bones and good circulation. Magnesium oxide is produced when magnesium and oxygen combine, and is commonly used in heartburn and indigestion remedies.
Magnesium metal plays a key role in various industrial applications. The metal is 40 percent lighter than aluminum, but as strong as steel, making it crucial for strengthening aluminum alloys.
Magnesium alloys can be found in airplanes, automobile parts and in electronic devices that benefit from being lightweight. Magnesium is also used to remove sulfur when iron and steel are produced and to inoculate cast iron. Magnesium carbonate salts are primarily used in calcining, as well as in the agricultural and construction sectors.
Demand for magnesium has grown steadily in recent years, driven largely by the car parts industry, where magnesium is used for die casting. Specifically, magnesium can be found in components like car steering wheels and support brackets.
As with many other critical metals, there is no formal magnesium market. For that reason, it is difficult to gain exposure to the metal. However, one way to do so is to invest in magnesium resource companies.
A few options are below; all companies are listed on Canadian, US and Australian exchanges:
This is an updated version of an article originally published by the Investing News Network in 2011.
Securities Disclosure: I, Melissa Pistilli, hold no direct investment interest in any company mentioned in this article.
While Russia dominates in terms of magnesite reserves, China leads the world in magnesite production. Here the Investing News Network looks at the top countries for magnesite mining.
Mine production: 13 million MT
China is the world’s top country for magnesite mining by far, accounting for roughly 60 percent of global output. The country’s production saw no growth compared to last year’s output. The Asian nation is also the principal exporter of the material to the US and many other markets across the world. In 2023, China’s magnesite exports to India grew by 9 percent due to increased demand for steel fabrication to supply the latter’s infrastructure projects.
China represents a major market for magnesite in its own right, accounting for about 65 percent of total global consumption. However, strict environmental regulations have resulted in the closure of several key magnesite mines.
Mine production: 1.8 million MT
Next is Turkey, whose magnesite output came to 1.8 million MT in 2023, just 20,000 MT fewer than it produced in 2022. Magnesite production in the country has significantly decreased in recent years, falling from 2.7 million MT in 2017.
Turkey has a long history of magnesite mining, both for export and for use at domestic refractories. Akdeniz Mineral Resources, a joint venture with private company Grecian Magnesite, is a large producer and exporter of caustic calcined magnesite products.
Mine production: 1.7 million MT
Brazil’s magnesite production has remained relatively flat in recent years.
A critical point in Brazil’s magnesite industry came in 2017 with the merger of RHI of Austria and Magnesita Refratários of Brazil to form RHI Magnesita, which then became the world’s largest refractory materials producer. RHI Magnesita is reported to own the largest magnesite reserves outside of China.
Mine production: 950,000 MT
Russia’s magnesite-mining output has dropped significantly in recent years, sinking from 1.5 million MT in 2020 to 950,000 MT in 2023. The country hosts the largest reserves of magnesite in the world, coming in at 2.3 billion MT.
Mine production: 860,000 MT
Australia’s magnesite production has risen steadily in the past few years, moving it up from near the bottom of the list of top magnesite-mining countries to the second spot in 2021 with 2.7 million MT. However, the nation recorded a dramatically reduced magnesite-mining output of 860,000 MT in both 2022 and 2023.
Mine production: 810,000 MT
“In January 2023, an Austria-based magnesia and refractories company acquired a leading refractory producer in China, allowing it to expand production in China and the east Asia region,” reported the US Geological Survey.
Mine production: 670,000 MT
Spain’s magnesite output has more than doubled since 2016, coming in at 670,000 MT in 2022.
Mine production: 510,000 MT
Slovakia produced 510,000 MT of magnesite in 2023, a slight decrease of 2,000 MT versus what it produced a year earlier. Slovakian producer SLOVMAG is majority owned by Russia’s Magnezit Group. It specializes in mining magnesite ore and producing refractory products from sintered magnesia.
Mine production: 380,000 MT
Greece produced 380,000 MT of magnesite in 2023, on par with the year before. The nation’s magnesite mines and production facilities are located on the Chalkidiki peninsula in Northern Greece.
The country is home to one of the top magnesia producers in the world, Grecian Magnesite, which has facilities in Spain, Turkey and the Netherlands. The Turkish subsidiary of the Greece-based magnesia producer is slated to construct a new rotary kiln in 2024, which the US Geological Survey says is expected to double “its current production capacity of caustic-calcined magnesia to around 50,000 tons per year.”
Mine production: 340,000 MT
Rounding out the list, Saudi Arabia put out 340,000 MT of magnesite in 2023, displacing Iran for the 10th spot on this list. The country’s major producer is Ma’aden Industrial Minerals Company, which produces caustic calcined magnesite from its a high-grade magnesite mine at Al Ghazalah.
Securities Disclosure: I, Melissa Pistilli, hold no direct investment interest in any company mentioned in this article.
With impressive ductility and the ability to resist heat and corrosion, critical metal tantalum is one of the five major refractory metals, as well as an important industrial commodity.
Due to its high thermal conductivity, about two-thirds of tantalum is used in electronic capacitors, a key component of cell phones and other modern technologies. Tantalum’s high melting point and corrosion resistance are also important properties for use in superalloys. Additionally, because it causes no immune response in humans, the metal is used in surgical appliances as a replacement for bone, as a connector of torn nerves and as a binding agent for muscles.
The tantalum market can be difficult to understand, but because it is essential for electronics companies and other industrial end users, some consider the metal a compelling investment. Read on for a brief overview of tantalum supply and demand dynamics, and a look at how to invest in this critical metal.
Tantalum is rare, averaging only 2 parts per million in the Earth’s crust. There are few mines solely dedicated to production of the refractory metal, meaning tantalum is mainly produced as a by-product; a significant portion of conflict-free tantalum products are mined as a by-product of lithium production.
Aside from mine supply, there is also a developing tantalum-recycling market that does not rely on new tantalum ore production, but instead uses waste and scrap metal to fill its reserves.
“Due to factors including rising demand for tantalum in the production of electronic devices and gadgets, the tantalum market is growing,” as per the firm. “On the other hand, increasing technological development and the replacement of aging power infrastructure, a rise in mining activities, along with long-term supply agreements, will further contribute by generating enormous opportunities that will fuel the expansion of the tantalum market in the anticipated timeframe.”
While tantalum is essential for many products, the tantalum market is extremely small. Like most critical metals, it is not traded on a commodities exchange, and as a result investors can have a hard time gaining exposure to it.
One way investors can play the tantalum market is by looking at the mining industry and researching tantalum resource companies. Pure tantalum companies are few and far between because so little tantalum is produced and so much of the tantalum that is mined is produced by artisanal miners and small-scale mining.
What’s more, many tantalum-producing companies are privately owned — Global Advanced Metals, which holds interests in the tantalum production at the Wodgina and Greenbushes operations, is one such company.
Investors willing to dig a little deeper may be interested in tantalum exploration companies. Again, these companies are few and far between, and they often focus on more metals than tantalum.
That said, there are certainly some options to choose from, and many of them are appealing because they operate outside contentious areas like the DRC. Here are a few juniors with exposure to tantalum that are currently listed on the TSXV and ASX; all had market caps over $10 million in their respective currencies as of January 22, 2024:
This is an updated version of an article originally published by the Investing News Network in 2013.
Securities Disclosure: I, Melissa Pistilli, hold no direct investment interest in any company mentioned in this article.
Tantalum is a key material in steel manufacturing, as well as many modern technologies — the critical metal is used in capacitors for everything from computers and mobile phones to air conditioners and refrigerators.
Yet despite its importance in the world today, tantalum mining takes place in very few countries. What’s more, much of the world’s tantalum is mined in areas known for issues related to conflict minerals, such as the Democratic Republic of Congo (DRC) and Rwanda. Together they account for more than half of global production.
Mine production: 980 MT
“When complete, the project is expected to reduce transportation time, lower costs, and decrease the carbon footprint associated with exporting metals and other products,” the US Geological Survey states.
Mine production: 520 MT
Rwanda is the world’s second biggest tantalum producer, with output of 520 MT in 2023.
In 2023, Rwanda was the third largest source of tantalum ore and concentrate imports to the US.
Mine production: 360 MT
Brazil is the third largest tantalum-producing country, and one of only two top miners of the material located outside of Africa. Overall Brazil is home to 40,000 MT of tantalum reserves.
Mine production: 110 MT
Nigeria came in as the fourth largest tantalum-mining country in 2023. The country produced 110 MT of tantalum last year, some of which came from artisanal mining.
Mine production: 79 MT
While Australia did not make the top tantalum-mining countries list for 2023, the Oceanic country hosts the world’s second largest tantalum reserves with a total of 110,000 MT, 28,000 MT of which are JORC compliant.
Australia is now the largest import source of tantalum ore and concentrates to the US, supplying 54 percent of this category in 2023. Production over the past five years has fluctuated between 20 and 57 MT.
Tantalum exists in the country alongside lithium deposits, such as in the Bald Hill mine, the Kathleen Valley lithium project and, of course, Talison Lithium’s Greenbushes mine in Western Australia.
Securities Disclosure: I, Melissa Pistilli, hold no direct investment interest in any company mentioned in this article.
Scandium is a critical metal that is as strong as titanium, as light as aluminum and as hard as ceramic.
While it is more abundant than lead, mercury and all the precious metals, there are no pure scandium-producing mines. The rare earth element is often a by-product, produced from refining metals such as uranium.
Pure scandium metal rarely concentrates at higher grades alongside other metals, making commercially usable scandium deposits very rare. What’s more, even when scandium is found at elevated levels, processing it can be difficult, leading to very few stable sources of this critical metal. Unsurprisingly, that means scandium has seen very little commercial adoption.
Read on to learn more about scandium production, players in the space and the metal’s potentially bright future.
The first known large-scale scandium production was associated with Russian military programs. Details are lost to history, but Russians reportedly alloyed the metal with aluminum to make lightweight MiG fighter parts. Mining at these historic Russian production sites has ceased, but stockpiles of scandium oxide and scandium master alloy remain in Russia. These stockpiles are rumored to be dwindling, but continue to be offered for sale on the market.
Today, most scandium is produced as a by-product during the processing of other ores, such as uranium or rare earths; it can also be recovered from previously processed tailings. As a result, scandium supply is tied to the supply and demand dynamics of the metals it is produced with, making the metal’s already tough-to-follow dynamics even more difficult to understand.
It’s worth noting that the US Department of Defense (DOD) is supporting the development of domestic scandium production. In 2022, the government body approved US$30 million in grants under the Defense Manufacturing Community Support Program. About US$4.7 million of the funding is earmarked for the SAE Government Technologies-led Supply Chain of Recovered Elements Consortium (SCORE).
Instead, the metal is traded between private parties, mostly at undisclosed prices and in undisclosed amounts. For that reason, understanding the precise volume of production and cost of scandium is difficult, and independent estimations are more relevant.
Production estimates are based on levels of trader activity and interest, as well as the knowledge that some traders deal in the critical metal from very small operations.
The estimates also include consumers believed to be sourcing their own scandium through small, controlled recovery operations, but don’t consider amounts of the metal contained in the master alloy currently being sold from Russian stockpiles.
Despite the lack of known, stable supply, scientists and engineers have been working hard to develop new products incorporating the metal. Scandium’s potential in high-tech applications is well documented. Highlights of the metal’s properties include:
Potential scandium oxide supply and demand.
As Kaiser has said, “There’s an enormous latent demand for scandium if it ever became available on a primary, scalable basis.”
In other words, the only barrier to accessing demand from a new family of high-performance aluminum materials and energy/lighting products is the lack of commercially viable larger-scale scandium production. Interestingly, Kaiser’s work highlights two important scandium market events that may “have the potential to launch scandium demand growth over the next decade towards a 1,000 (metric ton per annum) market worth US$2 billion.”
Secondly, Scandium International Mining filed an application in late 2019 for a patent protecting a method for recovering scandium and other metals from the waste streams of copper oxide leaching operations. In mid-2020, the company announced that copper raffinate tests showed its patent-pending process could recover enough scandium to match the supply being added to the market by Rio Tinto.
This is an updated version of an article originally published by the Investing News Network in 2014.
Securities Disclosure: I, Melissa Pistilli, hold no direct investment interest in any company mentioned in this article.
Editorial Disclosure: The Investing News Network does not guarantee the accuracy or thoroughness of the information reported in the interviews it conducts. The opinions expressed in these interviews do not reflect the opinions of the Investing News Network and do not constitute investment advice. All readers are encouraged to perform their own due diligence.
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